Smallville and its popularity :: essays research papers fc

Smallville versus other Superman arrangement      Man, all through the ages, has looked to the stars with incredible delight and interest. Wondrous stories are conceived of these enchanted, flickering specs in the sky. Accounts of disaster, enchantment and courage. These accounts engage and the sky is the limit from there, they give us trust. A story of the stars like no other is the one of Superman, defender of planet Earth.      As said by the Superman stories, Clark Kent was found by Martha and Jonathan Kent not long after a meteor shower hit the town of Smallville. Martha demanded keeping the little fellow and bringing him into their family. Clark experienced childhood with a homestead assisting with tasks and being cherished by his human mother and father. The main distinction with Clark’s childhood was that in the funnies, he was only an infant when found by the Kents. In â€Å"Smallville† he was a kid around 6 years old when he was found.      This very scene I talk about has been played again and again in TV other than the WB hit, â€Å"Smallville† (Kal-El). For instance:      â€Å"In the 1990's animation Pinky and the Brain, The Brain finds Superman's rocket boat and attempts to raise Clark himself, with Pinky. Luckily, the super child ends up being a lot for the Brain, as changing diapers requires an oxygen suit, and the little child of steel utilizes his warmth vision to impact the guinea pig. Infant Clark advances back to the field where he landed and where the Kents find him.† (Kal-El)  â â â â The most well known form of this scene is appeared in the Superman Movie with Glenn Ford playing Jonathan Kent and Phyllis Thaxter playing Martha Kent (Smallville). In this form the Kents discover Clark and he shows his forces immediately as opposed to exhibiting them over his young years like in the â€Å"Smallville† arrangement.      It was so keen for somebody to address everyone’s inquiries with regards to how Clark grew up by giving them the fantastic view to Clark’s high school years. Particularly since in some other form of Superman all we was aware of was the point at which he was found and when he was â€Å"Superman†.      Martha and Jonathan Kent have changed in the tales too. The entirety of the Superman stories have the Kents as an old couple in their sixties (Superboy). The 1978 film adaptation shows the Kents more seasoned thus does the Lois and Clark TV arrangement.

Three Kinds of Books to Read Essay Example for Free

Three Kinds of Books to Read Essay Im an eager peruser and I have discovered the most intriguing books fall inside three classifications. The classifications are fiction, true to life, and verse. I have perused books in these classifications and in spite of the fact that Im not a specialist, I will clarify the distinctions of these classifications. Verifiable is likely my preferred class, in light of the fact that while perusing these books the peruser is remembering something that transpired or an occasion that happened some place. These books depend on verifiable realities, being about an occasion or about an individual people life, or the life of a family. The peruser can get the inclination that they know these individuals or were there during the occasion by perusing the realities. They can likewise become more acquainted with how somebody used to think by perusing the contemplations of the individuals in the book during the occasions in that people life. The creator takes the story to spots and occasions that really exist and occurred. The peruser finds out about distinctive individuals, yet in addition about the distinctions in courses of events, for instance what a particular spot resembled during the 1900s and what it resembles during the 2000s. The peruser can find out about the distinction in morals between various nations, and about the dietary patterns in various nations. The peruser can become familiar with the distinction between how styles have changed from years passed by and now. The peruser can likewise figure out how the style in houses has changed and even the distinctions in what kinds of plants were planted most ordinarily years prior and now. These sorts of stories can give the peruser a thought of what it resembles to live in an alternate time or spot. There are various things that can be learned by perusing this sort of book, and numerous subjects that fall under this theme (true to life) from collections of memoirs to the historical backdrop of a nation. Fiction is another exceptionally fascinating kind of book to peruse. When perusing a fiction book, the peruser can let their creative mind rush to the furthest reaches conceivable. The peruser can take the essayists words and put their own pictures to the story. Every peruser makes the story their own while doing this, two individuals can peruse a similar story and have two totally various thoughts on what the author had imagined when composing that story. With fiction, the peruser knowsâ when they begin perusing, that the realities in the book are not genuine. The story can go anyplace from a thousand years back to a thousand years later. The story can be about witches or warlocks, mythical beasts and evil spirits or about submerged nations. The peruser can fly the skies on the rear of a fire-breathing mythical beast, while being pursued by a warlock, just to wind up battling with enchantment to spare the world. The essayist can bring the peruser into a relationship between a couple that has everything against them or that is being destroyed by loved ones. The author can take the peruser on a boat over a mainland during seething tempests, while the inhabitants hearts are pursuing their own tempests inside the boat. The story can take the peruser to universes that don't exist and still give the feeling that they are genuine and that the peruser has recently visited that place. With fiction the principle thought is that there are no guidelines on what can be expounded on, the main thing keeping an essayist down with this kind of book is the authors own creative mind. Verse is likely one of the most fascinating and perhaps the hardest book to peruse and comprehend. Numerous individuals imagine that they can't peruse and get verse. Perusing verse isn't care for perusing a magazine or the paper, however it is sufficiently simple to figure out how to peruse and comprehend the importance of most verse. Verse is the essayist sharing a private piece of him/herself, giving of the spirit to the peruser. The individual author can be utilizing past understanding or simply the creative mind of what they wished could have occurred or would occur later on. Verse is at times the hardest to peruse in light of the fact that it comes from the spirit, it is a direction of the spirit to other people, demonstrating the internal most private considerations and emotions. Perusing verse can cause the peruser to feel the specific feeling that was being felt when the essayist put his pen to paper and composed the sonnet, or when whatever was being expounded on truly occur red. Verse can give a sentiment of satisfaction just by understanding it; it can make an individual cry, or realize that there truly is genuine romance in this universe of our own. Some verse can be frightening to peruse when it is about self destruction, a self destruction endeavor, or the maltreatment of a youngster. It can likewise make you take a gander at yourself as an individual and what you have done to make your general surroundings a superior spot. Verse can show you the excellence of a spot, without you heading off to that place all alone; it can give you a sentiment of quiet and harmony. Verse is a brilliant thing to peruse, it is a sharing of two peopleâ that have never met. So as should be obvious, there are various sorts of books that show you various things in their own specific manners. You can find out about the genuine biographies of an individual or become more acquainted with one of the principal presidents. You can ride the skies on a white floor covering while at the same time battling underhanded evil spirits, or you can sit and feel the sentiments of an individual that expounded on losing a genuine affection. Whatever your preferences for books are they will essentially can be categorized as one of these classes. Notwithstanding what you like to peruse, simply peruse and get everything that you can out of every single book that goes over your hands.

Style on a Budget Get Threads You Want Without Spending the Money You Dont Have

Style on a Budget Get Threads You Want Without Spending the Money You Dont Have Style on a Budget: Get Threads You Want Without Spending the Money You Dont Have Style on a Budget: Get Threads You Want Without Spending the Money You Dont HaveThey say you should dress for the job you want, but unless the job you’re looking for is “professional schlub” you won’t be able to get by with cheap sweatpants and t-shirts. It’s a bit of a chicken and egg situation, trying to afford the clothes you need for the job you want that will allow you to afford the clothes you need for… well, you get it.Advice from sales expertsYou don’t need us to tell you about retail sales… but we’re going to anyway! Sure, you know sales exist, but are you a sales expert? Because we talked to some sales experts and they have advice for you.PR executive Amanda Maxwell (@amkmaxwell) told us her approach: “I always try to wait for sales first of all. Depending on what store you are at, almost everything drops to sale after the first three initial weeks of the item being on the rack. I also wait for special promotion days when you can get extra percentages of f. Another trick is signing up for an email for a specific store. Most companies offer a 15-30 percent off coupon when you sign up for their emails for the first time! So always look! Or have your friend sign up.”Rachel D’Ruan a stylist with TRUE Model Management (@TrueModelMgt), offered her own sales advice: “I always advise clients to purchase what they may need when theres a sale instead of waiting until they need it. My go-to is Chicmi.com because the platform has the most up-to-date list of sample sales as well as fashion events and online fashion sales. Each fashion trend lasts at least three seasons (16 months) and each also makes a come back every few years; thus, when quality products are purchased, they could last a lifetime!”Know when to shop.You should always be on the lookout for sales. They can strike at any timeâ€"like lightning that saves you money. But there are also more consistent rules you can follow to save money when shopping for clothes. The tides of s hopping, rather than the lightning.“One way that I have found is to buy clothes out of season,” advised Alayna Pehrson, digital marketing strategist for BestCompany.com (@BestCompanyUSA). “Although this may mean that you cant wear it right after you buy it, youll have it to wear for the appropriate season AND you will definitely save money. There is a month-by-month guide that I found to be pretty helpful when trying to figure out which items are cheapest during which month of the year: http://time.com/money/4190173/month-guide-best-time-buy-everything/”And know where to shop.Every reporter knows the 5 “W”s: Who, What, When, Where, and Why. We’ve already answered the Who, What, When, and Why (you, affordable clothes, off-season, and so you don’t end up with bad credit) so now it’s time to talk about the “Where.”Maxwell shared some of her favorite affordable options: “There is also the obvious [choice] of shopping at discount stores like Saks Off Fifth or Nord strom Rack where they offer clothing from their main stores at a discounted price. Theres always a rack of damaged stuff (etc missing a button) thats AMAZING and totally unnoticeable. You can find amazing deals there and they take an extra 40 percent off usually.“Another perk I LOVE to use and has become even more amazing over the last few years, is to shop secondhand. There are so many avenues and websites to go now from eBay to Tradsey, to local clothing resale stores. Here in New York we have amazing secondhand shops with stuff that people have never even worn! Marked from $800 to $100! If you buy online from eBay its also tax free! Dont forget this method also applies to you selling your old stuff! This allows you to make some money and save on getting new clothing. Its a win win!”You should also check out coupon sites. As Pehrson told us, “Another way to save money when buying clothes is to search for online coupons. Sites like coupons.com, retailmenot, and Groupon are so me great places to find online clothing coupons.”Personal finance expert Kayla Sloan (@kaylarsloan) also has a site she relies on for fashion deals: “My biggest secret for looking great for less is using online thrift stores, like ThredUp.com. I always wait until they offer a coupon code for 10 percent off (or more) or free shipping. I also re-sell my clothes there after Im finished with them so I can use my store credit to refresh my wardrobe. ThredUp is my favorite way to get brand name clothes for less!”Some more tips for style on a budget!We’ve got even more tips for you to use! Need something for a one-time event? “For special occasions, I would recommend renting an outfit (dress, tux, etc),” Pehrson suggested. “This will keep your credit, closet, and conscience clear as you will most likely only use that outfit once.”She also had another good tip for keeping your spending in check: “A great way to not build up bad credit while shopping for clothes is to only use cash. With cash, there is no temptation to break out the credit card and spend more. Make sure to limit the cash you carry depending on your clothing budget.”Got a big social media following? D’Ruan says you might be able to use it to your advantage: “If you are an aspiring fashionista, stop by stores like Dreams on Air and Flying Solo. Designers from curated fashion incubators dont have the budget for top PR services or advertisement so they are more than likely to lend clothes to social influencers (10K+ IG followers) in return for free publicity. I can share more on this approach but it is as simple as filling out a ‘pull’ form, which also asks for credit card info and duration of the pull. As long as the items are returned in their original condition, you can rock clothes off the runway from fashion week for free!”Looking for affordable stockings? Vienne Cheung, founder of VienneMilano (@VienneMilano) filled us in on her wares: “In a nutshell, the best way to s ave money and look fashionable is to shop for affordable luxury brands. For example, for women, instead of spending $50-100 for a pair of stockings, hip and young professionals can shop at VienneMilano.com all of our products are made in Italy. Since VienneMilano is a small business that does not carry extra overhead cost, we can afford to offer fabulous and luxurious products to our customers at an affordable price. Our made in Italy stockings only cost $19.95 for a pair of hosiery, which is significantly less than some of our competitors who sell at $50 for a pair of stockings.”Finally, Okera Banks (@OkeraBanks), celebrity stylist and founder of OTG Essentials, told us how you can switch things up without having to get a whole new wardrobe: “You can have a hip wardrobe without driving yourself into bad credit or bad debt. I call that living within your means, as you maintain your needs.“The most important thing to do is first look at your day to day lifestyle and plan out y our week. Create a budget that is realistic and include future spending. The idea here is to save, which means you may have to take advantage of discounts, warehouse sales, or outlets stores like Nordstroms Rack, who offer great products below market value and even online shopping opportunities.“I always tell people who are creating a hip wardrobe or who are transitioning into a new look to review your current wardrobe and add cool accent and statement pieces for extra flare without having to completely replace your closet. And purchase items that are interchangeable and transitional, that way they can be worn for business, travel, business casual, fun, or cocktails.“The idea is being a conservative shopper while being stylish and having a sense of duality with each purchase to accommodate your lifestyle. An essential garment piece is one that can create more than 3 good looks.”ContributorsOkera Banks (@OkeraBanks) is a Los Angeles based designer and celebrity stylist to some of Hollywood’s elite. As a creative designer and owner of Okera Banks OTG Essentials, OTG is the acronym for “On The Go,” her collection caters to today’s swagged out and sophisticated entrepreneur, fashion conscious trend setters and travelers on the go who want comfort and ease with impeccable style.Vienne Cheung (@VienneMilano) followed her passion for fashion and travel to fine hosiery. For years, she traveled the world seeking the best fashion and accessories. In Milano, Italy she fell in love with premium hosiery, then unavailable in the US. The rest is history: she left her cushy corporate job, and plunged her soul (and legs!) into VienneMilano.Rachel D’Ruan  (@TrueModelMgt) After half a decade strategizing publicity campaigns for major film studios in Los Angeles, Rachel ventured into fashion and lifestyle PR in New York City. Representing some of the most well-known talents and entrepreneurs in the business has enabled Rachel to obtain a wealth of contacts and div erse experience in image consulting, publicity, marketing and branding. Rachel’s expertise, persistence and tactical approach to her work serves her clients well.Amanda Maxwell (@amkmaxwell) is a 23 year old PR Senior Executive residing in New York City. Shes mostly known for her contributions in the fashion world, fashion focused social media, and press related contributions. Shes also currently a writer for BossBabe.co sharing tips and tricks on all things Fashion, Life, and Beauty.   With her extensive relationships and industry experience, Amanda has always remained in style.Alayna Pehrson(@BestCompanyUSA)  is a Digital Marketing Strategist and Credit Repair Specialist at BestCompany.comKayla Sloan  (@kaylarsloan) is a personal finance and small business expert. She has been featured in The Huffington Post, Time, Entrepreneur Magazine, and more. Kayla is passionate about helping people improve their finances so they can pursue their dreams with her blog at KaylaSloan.com.

Phillips Curve A Relationship Between The Inflation Rate...

Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Phillips curve The Phillips curve history and overview The Phillips curve represents a relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. The Phillips curve is named after its first exponent A.H.W. Phillips who was a classical economist who first came up with this relationship. He posited that the lower the employment rate firms are forced to source for funds so as to increase wages and be able to attract labour. This in turns leads to a rise in money wage inflation. The first challenge to this theory was by Milton Friedman and Edward Phelps who in individual analysis showed that the Phillips curve could not hold in the long run. Friedman asserted that rational employers pay inflation adjusted wages and this ensures that there is a natural rate of unemployment which is self adjusting in the long run. Therefore the state cannot be able as a matter of policy to regulate inflation by pushing unemployment below the natural rate as it will readjust itself to this rate. In the long run th e inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation as posited by Phillips could not hold. His assertion was validated in the 1970’s when there was an increase of inflation from around 2.5% to 7% and the unemployment rate also increased from around 4% to 6%. He therefore contributed to the Phillips theory by creating a distinction between the short run relationship and the long run relationship. The original Phillips curve above TheShow MoreRelatedPhillips Curve Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesPrinciples of Economics: The Phillips curve shows the relationship between unemployment and inflation in an economy. Unemployment involves people who are registered as able, available and willing to work at the going wage rate but who cannot find work despite actively searching for work. Unemployment can be counted by using the claimant count which includes all those who are unemployed and actually claiming benefit in the form of Jobseekers Allowance. Inflation is a sustained increase in generalRead MoreThe Phillips Curve : The Epitome Of Antiquity Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Liotti and Brian Levine Professor Predescu MA 235-H01 Final Project The Phillips Curve: The Epitome of Antiquity Abstract In this paper, we will present a model discussed at length in Todorova (2012) representing the Phillips curve, the textbook macroeconomic relationship posting a negative relationship between unemployment and inflation. Specifically, the model posits that when unemployed workers are scarce, employers must compete with one another for the remaining, qualified workersRead More The Phillips Curve Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Phillips Curve Economists agree that unemployment and inflation are two of the major macroeconomic problems of the twentieth century. If a relationship between the two existed then this would be a major break through for the macro management of the economy. Phillips work was empirical - started with evidence and worked towards a theory. The causation for the Phillips theory was that the level of unemployment caused the rate of change in money wages to be what it was. What economicRead MoreUnemployment And The Rate Of Inflation1673 Words   |  7 PagesUnemployment and the rate of Inflation are two main problems faced by most economies around the world. Lower rates of each are sought after in order to create and maintain a more stable economy. Unemployment rate can be officially defined as a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labour force. The inflation rate is the percentage rate of change of a price index over timeRead MoreThe Phillips Curve and The Quantity Theory of Money1128 Words   |  4 Pages Task 1 The Phillips curve represents the inverse relationship between inflation rate and the unemployment rate. When the unemployment was high, the inflation rate would be low; the inflation rate was high, the unemployment rate would be low. Here we have the statistics data of the inflation rate and unemployment rate from 2007-2011. On the other hand, Phillipss â€Å"curve† also represented the average relationship between unemployment and wage behavior over the business cycle. In the short run, thereRead MoreDeveloped Countries and Economically Developed Countries Essay examples927 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen done on the relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate in developed country such as by Hogan (United State), Sack’l en (Sweden) and Andrei (Romania). They are done the same research with different method to get same objective. The most of the study is use a VECM method in their research. While, there is a few of the study was used a VAR method. 2.1.1 United States Related to the topic research which is relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate, the developed countryRead More The Federal Reserve System Essay example1453 Words   |  6 Pagesinterest rates. The Fed employs Monetary Policy in an effort to manage both the money supply and interest rates while stimulating the economy to operate close to full employment. One school of thought called Monetarism believes that the Federal Reserve should simply pursue policies to eliminate inflation. Zero inflation may help the market to avoid imbalances, stabilize the business cycle, and promote steady growth in our economy. On the other hand, zero inflation may not reduce unemployment. It mayRead MoreThe Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe relationship between inflation and unemployment is a topic, which has been debated by economists for decades. It is this debate that has made the opinions about it evolve. In this essay, the controversial topic will be discussed by viewing different economists’ opinions on that according to time sequencing. Inflation is an increase in price levels within an economy. Basically it means that you will have to pay more for the same goods. Unemployment is even more straightforward. It means thatRead MoreThe Relationship between Unemployment and Inflation: Implications for Theory and Policy1279 Words   |  5 PagesThe (Possible) Relationship Between Unemployment and Inflation: Implications for Theory and Policy Introduction As with any scientific or empirical body of knowledge, the theories and facts of economics are undergoing constant testing and reevaluation, at times including major shifts in theory that reject old models and develop new understandings of economic interactions. It is arguably the case that in economics and the other human sciences such as sociology and political science that suchRead MoreThe Positive Relationship Between Inflation And Inflation1067 Words   |  5 Pagesobserved when we compare inflation and unemployment rate. To establish this comparison in a short-run period of time, it will be beneficial to use the Phillip Curve. This curve can be used as a tool to represent the positive relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short-run. In order to comprehend the positive relationship between inflation and unemployment first, we must know what inflation is, how we define unemployment, and how we can use the Phillip Curve to make a functional comparison

13th Documentary Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 292 Downloads: 41 Date added: 2018/12/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Review Level High school Topics: African American Essay Movie Essay Did you like this example? Every person that has watched this film could confirm that the director Ava DuVernay conducts a concrete research into the American system and comes up with shocking statistics The director relies on a number of liberals and conservatives whom she interviews in an attempt to dig in about the African-American society has been affected by the prison complex in the country. The film kicks off with s shocking statistics that one out of four Black men is likely to go to prison in his lifetime. Notably, each of the interviewees is located in a location resembling an industrial setting and one that matches the themes of prison as a factory f free labor where the people of color act as slaves.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "13th Documentary Analysis" essay for you Create order The film is quick to highlight the integration between Blacks being imprisoned and the economy of the nation. Notably, although the convicted parties are questionable, most of them are imprisoned unlawfully which can be related to the increased need for labor. In the film, a number of sensitive events could be noted. The director is noted to present Reagans War on Drugs, Bill Clintons Three Strikes among others as the turning points for the continued cash-for-prisoners structure that s resulted into the generation of millions of bails and incarceration firms. These events have and are continued to evolve into the modern prison system. Since the 1940s, the curve of African-American prisoners has been rising steadily but steeply. The numbers which started rising during the Civil Rights Movements have continued to increase until the modern day. It is of paramount importance to note that the high prisoners numbers have translated into decimation of the Black families. The high number of protest for rights, the harder it is becoming to break the system.

Fascism And Nazism Developed Out Of General Crisis Of The...

Fascism and Nazism developed out of general crisis of the European political system which related to the rise of the mass participation of the state from the late 19th century to the end of World War 1. The mass participation was the result of things including, the availability of women voters and unpredicted expansion of the number of voters, a development of mass communication with a high mass of mobilization and modernization originally asserted by socialist parties, poorly organized middle-class and political party structures. Fascism was motivated by deep resting fears of social and political revolutions of the ruling elites and large parts of the middle and lower-middle classes. Nazism had the theory of racism and of the perfect Aryan chosen people using propaganda and philosophy to boost them into power . Fascist and Nazi movements appeared throughout Europe during the period between World Wars I and II, but only in Germany and Italy did they come to power and develop into reg imes. There are certain similarities between the Russian Bolshevism and German National Socialism. In 1919 liberalism and liberal democracy, focused on individual rights which offered a stable response to the new social and economic upheaval brought on by World War 1. Political life had been radicalized during the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. The Fascist-Nazi political revolutions stemmed from anxieties about the desegregations of social order. Thus, they both shared many of the sameShow MoreRelatedFascism in the Twentieth Century2348 Words   |  10 PagesFascism in the Twentieth Century; Hitler and Nazism ‘Fascism’ is one of the most controversial political terms in modern history. The lack of a universally accepted definition for the term has meant that it can and has been applied to a wide variety of political contexts. Fascism developed from the destruction caused by the First World War. Its origins can be traced, however, to the intellectual revolt against liberalism in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century. While there was a revolutionaryRead MoreThe War Of The World War I1456 Words   |  6 Pagesthe raise of inter-state systems, to preserve peace amongst potentially antagonistic states; Unfortunately, what statesmen had not imagined was that the world had to witness to the slaughter of the First World War to achieve such dream. However, precisely because of the the devastation and chaos caused by the war, the establishment of a general association of states was crucial, and needed to be constructed as quickly as possible. In addition, as World War I pointed out a fundamental flaw in TheRead MoreInterpretations of the Origins of WWII3781 Words   |  16 Pagescrises in the 1930s, and what the concerns, difficulties, and attitudes were in each country. Another interpretation is PMH Bells, who takes the thirty years war interpretation, and makes the case for it by looking at how the situation in Europe developed as a result of the underlying forces which greatly affected the decisions made. Richard Overy focuses primarily on the politics of the era in each of the major countries involved in the war separately. He argues that all the nations involvedRead MoreEssay on Comparison of Mussolini and Hitler4381 Words   |  18 PagesComparison of Mussolini and Hitler Fascism was a totalitarian political movement that developed after 1919 as a reaction against the political and social changes brought about by World War 1 and the spread of socialism and communism. It flourished between 1919 and 1945 in several countries, mainly Germany, Spain, Italy, and Japan. Fascism is a form of totalitarian dictatorship that had ideals such as extreme nationalism, economic self sufficiency and military strength. The dictators abolishedRead MorePresidential Greatness-Fdr4850 Words   |  20 PagesPresidential Greatness: An Analysis of FDR’s Presidency Presidential greatness has many aspects, but it primarily means demonstrating effective, inspiring, visionary, and transformational leadership in times of great challenge and crisis. There have been many effective presidents, but there have only been a few great presidents because simply being effective and successful does not make one a great president. The distinction between presidential effectiveness and presidential greatness isRead MoreGeorge Orwell23689 Words   |  95 Pagesinstance, could not have happened in England. And, as western peoples go, the English are very highly differentiated. There is a sort of back-handed admission of this in the dislike which nearly all foreigners feel for our national way of life. Few Europeans can endure living in England, and even Americans often feel more at home in Europe. When you come back to England from any foreign country, you have immediately the sensation of breathing a different air. Even in the first few minutes dozens of smallRead MoreThe Rise and Rule of Single-Party States7795 Words   |  32 Pagesleader: aims, ideology, support. * Establishment of single-party states * methods: force, legal * form of government, ideology (left and right wing) * totalitarianism, treatment of opposition * Rule of Single Party states * political, economic, and social policies * role of education, the arts, the media, and propaganda * status of women, treatment of minorities, and religious groups * Regional and Global impact * foreign policy as a means of maintaining theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesDavid M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies

Forensic Entomology Calliphoridae or Blow Flies

Question: Discuss about theForensic Entomologyfor Calliphoridae or Blow Flies. Answer: Introduction It is believed that forensically significant Calliphoridae or blow flies are not active nocturnally and do not oviposit in the dark (Mohr, Tomberlin, 2014). However, Barnes, Grace, Bulling, (2015) demonstrated that blow flies lay eggs at night and also artificial lighting stimulates the daylight hours. The fly biologists illustrated that flies in the outdoor are not much active and do not lay eggs at night. Diurnal activity graph demonstrates low movement towards bait during early daylight, peak at afternoon and steep decline towards late afternoon. Whether or not the Calliphoridae flies nocturnally oviposit, is one of the major estimable factors of time since death that is used as entomological evidence. This write-up would strive to explore a debate on the ability of the blowflies to oviposit in the dark and at night and their nocturnal activity by considering recent journals that focus on the same. Based on Greenbergs experiment, who asserted that blow flies lay eggs at night, Singh and Bharti (2001) further carried out an experiment to support this hypothesis. They have used frozen mutton pieces as medium and checked for maggots during March and September, irrespective of the time of the days. It was shown that day time also attracted the blow flies in terms of oviposition. The researchers have carried out a 14night trial, where oviposition took place in five incidences and matched with the Greenbergs data. This indicates their willingness to through some light on the choice of oviposition medium by the Calliphoridae and further provided a scope to investigate association between chances of oviposition by the Calliphoridae and light intensity at night. On the other hand, Zurawski et al., (2009) investigated the nocturnal oviposition by the blow flies with regard to sunset and sunrise, evaluated abiotic variables that might affect the oviposition by the blow flies and conducted a series of laboratory experiments in order to test the activity of the blow flies under darkness. The researchers have placed pig carcasses in the field 2 hours after the sunset and observations were made hourly in the next morning. They have observed no oviposition at night. Even, while they have carried out a laboratory experiment in dark room by placing liver of the pig carcases on the ground or kept in hanging position no flies could fly. This study not only showed that the blow flies do not oviposit at night but also demonstrated that the possibility of nocturnal oviposition in dark and on pig carcasses is extremely low. Thus, this experiment supports the long standing notion that blow-flies are nocturnally inactive and do not oviposit in the dark. Howe ver, factor like pig carcasses raises a concern, if the flies actually do not lay eggs in the dark or do not oviposit on pig carcasses. Amendt, Zehner Reckel, (2008) carried out field experiments and indoor experiment to evaluate nocturnal egg laying behaviour of the Calliphoridae. For field experiment, two different types of attraction were used: fresh liver of the beef and dead hedgehogs, which were kept at different rural and urban location. For indoor experiment, liver was kept in plastic bags containing fly females. No oviposition was observed at night in the field, where the temperature was within 10-24c but nocturnal oviposition took place in darkness within plastic boxes, where temperature was set at 25c. It was concluded by the researchers that the blow flies are unlikely to oviposit under normal condition, but takes place at certain situation like uncertain increase of night temperature. Similarly, Wooldridge, Scrase, Wall, (2007) demonstrated that light intensity is an exogenous stimulus responsible for the nocturnal activities of the blow flies. Though liver odour increases the activity of the blow flies, it is not an active stimulus. So, it could be mentioned that blow fly activity can be directly modulated by the intensity of the light without any requirement for any volatile odour in order to start activation. Activity of the blow flies, irrespective of the absence or presence of liver bait also indicates that the variation in the activity level of the flies is not causally associated with how they respond to various odours. Zulaikha, Zuha, (2016) demonstrated Megaselia scalaris (fly) are active and can oviposit during night and day times. So, exposure to light did not affect the egg laying activities during nocturnal and diurnal periods. This indicates a need to consider nocturnal oviposition while flies are considered as reference for the estimation of PMI. Oviposition termination at night has forensic importance as it might alter the estimation of the PMI duration. Thus, if fly eggs are identified in a dead body during early morning or night, one could reach to a conclusion on when the death has been occurred (earlier or previous day). Different insect species could fly in low light intensity or at night. The selected topic aims to evaluate whether blow flies are able to be active at night and lay eggs in dark. The above discussion pinpoints that various theories are present that support and oppose the long standing belief that the blow-flies are not nocturnally active and do not lay eggs in the dark. Various factors (intensity of light, temperature, position of the bait, odour and so on) are responsible for stimulating the nocturnal activity and oviposition, but there was no literature available that focus precisely on all the responsible factors, which actually creates a gap. Age of the fly larvae is used to evaluate the minimum PMI in forensic entomology. So, the understanding of the factors, which probably delay the time between oviposition and death are of utmost importance. One of such factors in this context is the effects of darkness period. Majority of the blow flies are through to be diurnal and comparati vely inactive during the night. So, baits that are kept at night would not attract blow flies till the morning. Nevertheless, various informal observations have suggested that nocturnal oviposition could take place in certain species of blow flies, Calliphora vicina is a prominent example in this context. References Amendt, J., Zehner, R., Reckel, F. (2008). The nocturnal oviposition behaviour of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Central Europe and its forensic implications.Forensic Science International,175(1), 61-64. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.05.010 Barnes, K. M., Grace, K. A., Bulling, M. T. (2015). Nocturnal oviposition behavior of forensically important diptera in Central England.Journal of forensic sciences,60(6), 1601-1604. Greenberg, B. (1990). Nocturnal Oviposition Behavior of Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae).Journal Of Medical Entomology,27(5), 807-810. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/27.5.807 Mohr, R. M., Tomberlin, J. K. (2014). Environmental factors affecting early carcass attendance by four species of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Texas.Journal of medical entomology,51(3), 702-708. Singh, Bharti, M. (2016). further observations on the nocturnal oviposition behaviour of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae ).Forensic Science International,120(2001), 124-126. Wooldridge, J., Scrase, L., Wall, R. (2007). Flight activity of the blowflies, Calliphora vomitoria and Lucilia sericata, in the dark.Forensic Science International,172(2-3), 94-97. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.12.011 Zulaikha, A. S., Zuha, R. M. (2016). Nocturnal oviposition of the forensic scuttle fly, Megaselia scalaris (Loew)(Diptera: Phoridae), indoors.Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. Zurawski, K. N., Benbow, M. E., Miller, J. R., Merritt, R. W. (2009). Examination of nocturnal blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) oviposition on pig carcasses in mid-Michigan.Journal of medical entomology,46(3), 671-679.

Human Resource Advantage Essay Sample free essay sample

The major challenges of profitableness and increased competition have made theHRM map more of import to concern success than of all time before. Discuss. React your happening with illustrations. Introduction Human resource direction is more of import in a altering environment than earlier. There are some challenges and alterations. which have great impacts on organizationsrespective to human resource ( HR ) map behaviours. These impacts know asglobalization. increasing customer’s outlooks. crystalline market. and humanresource direction ( HRM ) provides possibilities to do organisations more healthyand competitory. Where the house may concentrate on cost for employee compensation and makeconclusions on portion services or outsourcings. We can state that. the map of HR units offers and increases some potency of organisations construction and some of human capital. globalisations. increasing informationtechnology. enhanced client outlooks and the transparence of planetary market s thatknow as a chief displacement in a underdeveloped universe. Content To be more profitableness in the disputing economic system with a big rivals. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Advantage Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page TIMATCHSDN BHD have globalize their concern where they explain that â€Å"Globalization is theterms used to depict the increased gait of economic and cultural interconnection between different states. † TIMATCH SDN BHD had increasing the competition depends on the developments of consumer outlooks. Consumers await more public presentation and their demands are more hard to manage. Furthermore. consumer has moreaccess to information and is more informed than of all time before. The consequence of this changingknowledge is the clients expectancy has become stronger than of all time before. where themarket participants increased the competition because better merchandise and services for more favourable conditions are offered. They know that HR can act upon customers’satisfaction and the public presentation of the company. where the HR activities as wage. communicating. guaranting just work conditions and others related activities. thoseactivities have impact on the work behaviour of an employee. and the employee conditionswill influence the production and service procedure. A chief ground of new crystalline market is the information engineering. Computer andmainly the cyberspace are the fastest turning engineerings in he present and one advantagethrough the cyberspace for client is that they can compare assorted characteristic of producteasier and faster. In a transparent market consumers know that they can normally receivelower cost and higher quality goods and services. TIMATCH SDN BHD knows that to be more profitableness. they cut down costs and increase potencies to be profitable and to be in a fast altering market construction. The functionsof HRM may lend to a ‘healthy’ company development and one constituent to be profitable is to analyse cost construction and their cost drivers. HRM cost have to bemeasured. for case about 70 per cent of companies’ disbursals can be spent onemployment issues. Where the cost for enlistings. initiation. preparation. compensationand benefits should be evaluated and compared to options like shared services andoutsourcing schemes. If cost is excessively high. a house has to believe about outsourcing the human resource map. In that instance shared service theoretical accounts help to minimise cost by cutting thecosts for agency adjustments in the organisations. By utilizing the HRM map in staffing country. the issues of workers selection andcontinuous accomplishment development. work design. equipment care. processimprovement. quality control and procedure reconfiguration are built-in to thecompetitiveness of the H2O and steel industry. Increasing globalisation of this matureindustry will rise competition between parts and states for new. essentiallymini-mill. installings and occupations. If high-paying occupations in steel are to be retained. and new occupations created. endeavors will necessitate a work force that is flexible and more competitory interms of quality and measure. The integrating of HR issues into concern programs has non been widespread and the sharingof information with workers is a comparatively recent phenomenon in the steel industry in anumber of states. Similarly. the incidence of audience and cooperation ontechnical alteration has been deficient in the eyes of some trade brotherhoods. In countrieswhere the brotherhoods have been strong and where the HR map has had small strategicimportance in decision-making it has proved hard all of a sudden to present radicalworkplace alteration without workers being highly doubting of â€Å"managementgimmicks† . It is non until direction demonstrates a echt desire to affect workersand brotherhoods in decision-making that advancement has been smoother and quicker. particularlywhen coupled with workers’ enthusiasm for new work patterns that promised potentialfor greater liberty and calling promotion. But the unions’ response to work reorganisation was frequently slow. at least ab initio.

Smoking and adolescents Essays

Smoking and adolescents Essays Smoking and adolescents Essay Smoking and adolescents Essay Caffeine is one of the most consumed drinks in the World, and the crystalline substance was first separated in the early part of the 19th century (ARF, 2007).   Caffeine by itself appears white in color and tastes bitter.   It is derived from the Arabic word Arabic work ‘qahweh’ or from the Turkish word ‘kahveh’.   During the medieval period, coffee spread from the Northern African Region (where it was grown) to Europe through Arabia and Turkey.   It became a well-known drink in Europe, early during the 17th and 18th century (ARF, 2007).   It was grown in several portions of the World such as the Caribbean and Indonesia during the 18th century, for consumption in the West (ARF, 2007).   Caffeine was isolated in tea leaves, coffee seeds and cocoa seeds.   The amount of caffeine contained in coffee seeds is more than that contained in tea leaves.Tea leaves contain about 3.5 % of caffeine (ARF, 2007).   For that reason, a cup of tea will contain less amount of caffeine compared to that of a glass of coffee.   In the US, about 66 % of the caffeine users consume coffee, whereas 16 % consume it from tea and/or sodas (ARF, 2007).   Students frequently consume sodas, drinking chocolate, medications and special of the coffee beverage.   About 80 to 98 % of all the people in the US consume coffee.   About one-third o the population consumes more than 200 mg of caffeine every day (which is slightly more than 2 cups of coffee) (Engebretsen, 2001).   Most of users of coffee consume it for its mild stimulating effect, without developing any problem.However, some individuals develop a maladaptive or abnormal pattern of use resulting in several problems such as abuse, tolerance, withdrawal, addiction and toxicity (Moore, 2004).   Caffeine abuse can begin in adolescents, teenagers, early adulthood and middle-aged groups.   The incidence is increasing in school and college students these days (Moore, 2004).   Studies have demonstrated that girls more often than boys abuse caffeine (in the form of chocolates and alcohol) (Greenberg, 1999).   A survey conducted amongst college students demonstrated that about 17 % of the students consumed about 5 to 10 glasses of bevarges containing caffeine on a daily basis (Grafton, 1991).Many students are utilizing caffeine as a mood-altering drug to stay awake during nights for studying or to remain attentive during class hours.   Many students may like the slightly bitter taste of caffeine or the instant boost of energy provided by the drink.   In the world, caffeine is the most widely utilized mood-elevating drug.   More than 80 % of the adult population in the world utilize caffeine as a beverage in coffee, soda, tea or drinking chocolate (Gates, 2000).   On an average, an adult consumes about 280 milligrams of coffee a day, from about 2 to 3 cups of coffee (Gates, 2000).   Usually a small amount of caffeine may be beneficial to health producing a positive effect on the body.   The amount of caffeine present in a glass of coffee varies from the manner in which it is prepared, the amount of milk present, size of the glass and the strength of the coffee.   It may vary from about 65 mg to about 110 mg of caffeine per glass (ARF, 2007).   A glass of tea contains about 10 mg to about 90 mg of caffeine (on an average about 30 mg).   A glass of hot drinking chocolate contains about 4 mg of caffeine and a bar of chocolate contains about 5 to 60 mg of caffeine (average about 50 mg of caffeine) (ARF, 2007).Caffeine is also present in prescription and non-prescription medications, in doses between 30 to 200 mg, for treating various problems such as colds, migraine, headache, excessive drowsiness, inattentiveness, etc (ARF, 2007).   It can also be utilized to treat withdrawal symptoms developing from caffeine abuse, and for improving the analgesic properties of other drugs.   The drug is frequently util ized in newborn babies who suffer from a condition in which their breathing gets depressed.   This is because caffeine is known to stimulate breathing.   Some of the potential uses of caffeine (for which further studies need to be conducted) include treating dermal fungal infection, improving sperm mobility, in chemotherapy and in ECT.Caffeine when consumed reaches the tissues almost immediately (within 5 to 10 minutes).   These levels may be maintained in the body for about 30 minutes.   The drug gets broken down into smaller substances within about 4 hours (ARF, 2007).   The enzyme cytochrome P450 1A2 produced by the liver helps to metabolize the drug (Moore, 2004).   Individuals suffering from liver and kidney diseases, pregnant women, small babies, etc, take longer time to break down the drug.   On the other hand, individuals consuming nicotine are able to break down the drug at a much faster rate, and hence require greater amounts of the drug.   The drug usually does not accumulate in the body, and is significantly broken down into smaller substances and emitted in the urine.   A smaller quantity of the drug may be emitted in the urine unchanged (about 3 %) (ARF, 2007).The drug produces its effect almost immediately after consumption (Short-Term Effects).   The individual may have to consume about 75 to 150 mg to produce the physiological effects of the drug.   Some of the physiological effects of the drug include an increase in the metabolism rate of the body, faster breathing rates, increase in the urine output (as caffeine is a diuretic), rise in the serum fatty acid levels, rise in the blood pressure, an increase in the gastric acid production by the stomach, etc (ARF, 2007).   The drug also has an effect on the mental status of the individual such as increasing the activity of the brain and the nerves, delaying the development of tiredness, improving various mental functions such as attention levels, concentration levels, memo ry, perception, etc.   Fine movements are also improved when about 75 to 150 mg of caffeine is consumed (ARF, 2007).   The drugs also delays sleep and lower the intensity or depth of sleep.   An individual, who consumes caffeine before going to bed, is at a greater chance of being woken or moving during sleep.   The quality of sleep experienced by caffeine abusers is also less.   Fewer studies are so far conducted to determine the effects of caffeine on dreaming (ARF, 2007).In higher doses, the drug can act negatively leading to anxiety, jitteriness, agitation, confusion, a rise in the heart beats, abdominal pain, agitation, nausea, vomiting, headache and nervousness (Gates, 2000).   The effects are especially profound in those individuals who less frequently use caffeine.   In very high-doses, the drug may almost be fatal, causing a diabetes-like condition in which the sugar levels rise in the blood and the urine has a sick-sweetish smell of acetone (ARF, 2007).   T he fatalities may begin when about 5000 mg of the drug (about 35 to 40 cups of coffee) are consumed during a very short period of time (ARF, 2007).   However, the drug when administered intravenously (in doses of about 3200mg) may cause fatalities (ARF, 2007).   Fatalities may also occur from severe seizures and disastrous effects on the nervous system (such as intra-cerebral hemorrhages, etc) and the heart (such as myocardial infarction, hypertensive crisis, etc) (Engebretsen, 2001).Certain signs, known as ‘Withdrawal Symptoms’ are experienced when the drug is no longer consumed or is suddenly stopped (usually develops within 12 to 24 hours once the drug has been stopped) (Moore, 2004)..   Students usually begin to feel anxious, panic and sleepless when they do not get their daily dose of coffee (Gates, 2000).   Some of the other effect that may be experienced when the student suddenly stops consuming of caffeine includes a depressed mood, poor concentration ab ility, reduction of other cognitive functions, headache etc.   These symptoms may gradually reduce within a couple of days to about a week (Moore, 2004).   If an individual consumes about 100 mg of caffeine a day, a sudden stoppage of the drug would bring about headache and tiredness.   Many people continue to use caffeine in spite of problems experienced when the drug is stopped, considering that it would be easier to give up caffeine compared to other drugs such as alcohol and nicotine.   However, research has demonstrated that stopping caffeine could be much difficult at it seems.   Further research is required to demonstrate the difficulties that could develop when caffeine abuse should be stopped.   Earlier, when not much was known about nicotine abuse, it was publicly felt that nicotine consumption was not much of a problem, and the drug could be easily stopped without much problem.   However, studies have demonstrated that nicotine consumption is one of the most severe forms of drug abuse can could even lead to life-threatening problem (Gates, 2000).Tolerance on the other hand, is the ability to gradually withstand higher amounts of the dug without producing the physiological effects in the body, once the drug is repeatedly utilized over a period of time (Gates, 2000).   The level of tolerance that develops in students is very difficult to study as almost everyone uses caffeine on a day to day basis, to different levels.   The effects of caffeine may be tolerated as the drug is consumed regularly.   As the individual consumes caffeine for longer periods, he/she may require more and more quantities of the drug to produce similar effects (ARF, 2007).Addiction is a serious condition in which the individual resists higher amounts of the drug and develops withdrawal symptoms once the drug is stopped.   Addiction can lead to several problems at functioning at home, school, workplace or in social settings (Gates, 2000).Studies conducted d emonstrated that like other stimulants, caffeine can also bring about Dependence (both physiologically and psychologically).   When the drug is consumed in doses of 350 mg and above, physical dependence on the drug can develop.   Once, the drug is stopped, immediately withdrawal symptoms can develop (ARF, 2007).   This is frequently characterised by severe headache that reduces once the drug us consumed.   The individual also begins to feel irritable, anxious and tired.   However, the dependence brought about by caffeine is much weaker in intensity and is less injurious to health compared to other forms of substance abuse.   Studies conducted demonstrate that coffee may bring about a lot of problems with the functioning of the heart, nervous system and the stomach (Gates, 2000).Individuals consuming caffeine over long periods of time also develop Toxicity.   This usually develops if the daily consumption of coffee exceeds 7 to 9 glasses of coffee a day (or about 650 mg of caffeine).   Some of the symptoms of long-term toxicity include sleeplessness, apprehension, anxiety, nausea, palpitations, vomiting, irritability, depression, distress, mood disorders, rise in the blood pressure, gastric ulcers, irregular heartbeats, tremors, rise in the heartbeats, rise in the cholesterol levels in the blood, etc.   These symptoms usually reduce gradually within 6 to 8 hours (Moore, 2004).   The effect of caffeine toxicity on the body cells to produce cancer and heart disease is rather unknown.   Caffeine to some extent may bring about changes to the cells and the tissues and may also provoke certain known carcinogens to bring about cancer (ARF, 2007).   Several studies conducted in animals have demonstrated that caffeine may actually have properties that retard cancer.   Diethylstilbestrol contains amounts of caffeine and is frequently given to women in order to prevent breast cancer from occurring (ARF, 2007).Animal studies have demonstrated that caffeine use has can cause a series of reproductive problems including infertility, reduced birth weight, congenital anomalies, etc.   The exact effect of the drug in human beings is not known and should be researched further.   In the US, pregnant women are advised to limit consumption of coffee during their pregnancy in order to reduce the ill-effects on the developing unborn baby (ARF, 2007).Caffeine abuse is seen more frequently, as people do not consider it problematic or causing life-threatening conditions.   College students depend frequently on caffeine or it products to stay awake during the nighttimes before examinations or in the classroom.   Although, in low doses caffeine does not cause any serious problems to the body, when consumed in high doses, caffeine behaves like nicotine, having injurious effects on the body (Gates, 2000).Caffeine is known to elevate the heart rate above that of normal.   When an individual is using caffeine, he may find it difficult to suddenly stop the drug.   However, it may be easier than nicotine to stop the drug over a period of time.   As such, it is easier to cut down on caffeine consumption gradually, than over nicotine consumption (Gates, 2000).Some students begin to consume coffee almost for the same reason for which they consume alcohol and cigarettes (that is in a social gathering with other students) (Gates, 2000).   Others may consume caffeine in order to reduce the effects of alcohol or to sober up.   However, it should be noted that caffeine does not reduce the effects of alcohol or any other drug (McGee, 2005).Some students drink coffee to relax, express energy and develop peace of mind.   They tend to utilize the drug in spite of these problems and may have tried to stop consuming the drug but have failed in their efforts (Gates, 2000).   Students should give up caffeine abuse as it consumption (like nicotine abuse) could be injurious to health.   Studies have demonstrated that c affeine abuse usually does not develop due to any serious problems in life.   Just workplace tensions or academic difficulties at the university can promote caffeine misuse (Gates, 2000).Students affected with caffeine abuse should be educated and motivated by the college teachers about the ill-effects of the drug and the problems it could cause.   Greater awareness is required as students may not know of the potential complications that the drug could bring about.   Awareness programs and sessions meant for developing attitudes towards drug use should also include caffeine abuse.   Counselors should be arranged in the schools and universities to help students get out of their problems with caffeine abuse.   If a student feels that certain amount of coffee is required (as it would be harmless and in fact beneficial to the body), a coffee consumption record (in the form of a diary) should be maintained, to ensure that the amount consumed is within limits (Moore, 2004).    The best way to give up caffeine abuse is to gradually limit the consumption of the drug over a period of time.   The consumption of coffee in children and adolescents should be monitored closely.   It could have several ill-effects on the nutrition and development of the adolescent.   In no way caffeine drinks should be utilized to replace milk in the diet.   Caffeine can also act as an appetite suppressant and prevent the child from consuming food.   Some hyperactive children may also have more problems when given caffeine (McGhee, 2005).

Remote Access Attacks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Remote Access Attacks - Case Study Example The other assumption would be the network was setup by a rookie as the topology is poor and vulnerable to attacks. Finally the final assumption would be the management is not aware of the need of a secure network. The management needs to be informed and enlightened on information confidentiality, integrity and availability (Lammle, 2008). Firstly the network is vulnerable as the firewall doesn’t serve its purpose. Firewall is meant to barricade the traffic between a public and private network. In our case the public network is the internet and the private network is the Quick Finance Network. It uses access lists and other methods to ensure the security of the private network. From the diagram the firewalls should be deployed between the router and the internet, and the web server and the internet and between the internet and the VPN server. Access lists that are employed on the firewall are set of conditions kept by routers that determines allowed traffic to and from various services on the network. In the quick finance network access lists can be deployed in the network to control the movement of traffic between the different buildings and also in a building, in case of information applying to specific offices/departments. Access lists are helpful in exercising control over network traffic. Access lists offer network control. These lists enhance the flexibility to filter the packets that flow in or out router interfaces. The access lists help protect expanding network resources without impeding the flow of legitimate communication. They differentiate packet traffic into categories that permit or deny other features. Proxy is another security measure that can be deployed. Proxy restricts who accesses what and which sites to block. The layer design deployed also needs to be improved. The network needs to be created using the proposed three layer design. The proposed three layer design comprises of core layer- this is where the public and private networks meet through a firewall router/switch, distribution layer – this layer holds switches which lead to different buildings and offices and access layer – the layer where the user is connected to the network. Vulnerabilities on this network There lots of vulnerabilities on this network and lots of access points where intruders can gain entry of this network. For starters the firewall has been wrongly placed. The firewall should be put across the perimeter of the network in order to limit access to the network. From the topology the firewalls don’t serve their purpose as they have been put beside the servers. The firewall is used for basic packet filtering. The filtering decision is made separately for every packet, thus a packet that was allowed earlier won’t dictate the entry of a later packet. It’s based on source and destination IP address, protocol and source and destination port numbers. The network should use the proposed layer 3 network model. Where we have three layers: access layer, distribution layer and core layer. This will avoid a bad topology as the current one where all the machines are connected via an Ethernet cable. With a layer three topology it would implement use of switches and more routers to control movement of packets and enforce access control. It would also have all the servers well placed in order to ensure data security, availability, integrity and confidentiality

Journal Articles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal Articles - Research Paper Example Although there is not much difference between a manger and a leader most football managers assume the role of maximizing the output of the sports team by effectively organizing, staffing and directing. Moreover, this paper sought to distinguish characteristics that would lead to the appointment of an effective manager to help direct the future success of a sports team. Unfortunately the paper did not distinguish a simple clear cut manager characteristic and postulated that effective management varies across player characteristics and the organizational environment. The next section of the paper distinguished leadership qualities. Quite simply leadership was defined as the attempt to influence others through a variety of mechanisms. Unfortunately the relationship between manager and player is complex and depends largely on the organizational goals (Maintaining team status for example). Without getting into too much detail the paper outlined a great deal of early research pertaining to traits and skills of effective leadership but what proved to be very effective was a strong degree of consistency. Interactional approaches to leadership was covered in brief yet stressed the importance of differentiating between task-oriented football managers and relationship oriented football managers.

Constitution in Kenya Essay Example for Free

Constitution in Kenya Essay 1.1 INTRODUCTION The agitation for a new Constitution in Kenya was informed by various past historical injustices ranging from economic, social, cultural and civil to political matters. At the political level, issues on centralized and ironfisted governance kept popping year in year out. The passage of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 on 4 August, 2010 and its subsequent promulgation on the 27 August, 2010 arguably ushered in a new dawn in Kenya not only in governance but also in the various sectors of the Kenyan society.1 Its adoption has been taunted as the greatest milestone Kenyans have ever achieved other than attaining independence in 1963. 2 The joy at the enactment of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 could not be captured in any other better words than as Justices J. W. MWERA, M. Warsame and P. M. MWILU did in Federation of Women Lawyers Kenya (FIDA-K) 5 others v Attorney General another3 where they stated: Only last year and in our early maritime history we constructed a great ship and called it our new Constitution. In its structure we put in the finest timbers that could be found. We constructed it according to the best plans, needs, comfort and architectural brains available. We tried to address various and vast needs of our society as much as possible. We sent it to the people who ratified it. It was crowned with tremendous success in a referendum conducted on 4th August 2010. We achieved a wonderful and defining victory against the â€Å"REDS†. We vanquished them. The aspirations and hope of all Kenyans was borne on 27th August 2010. We achieved a rebirth of our Nation. We have come to revere it and even have affection for it. We accomplished a long tedious, torturous and painful chapter in our history. We all had extraordinary dreams. It is a document meant to fight all kinds of injustices. It is the most sophisticated weapon in our maritime history. As Kenyans we got and achieved a clean bill of constitutional health. However, the honeymoon is over, it is time to do battle with it.4 However, at the launch of the 2011/2012 Annual Report of the Commission for the Implementation of the Constitution (CIC),5 Mr. Charles Nyachae6 remarked : When Kenyans voted for the Constitution of Kenya 2010, they voted for change and transformation in  the way delegated sovereign power is exercised by government. To achieve good governance, there is need for respect for the rule of law and a leadership that meets the requirements chapter six of the Constitution on leadership and integrity. There is no person or institution that is above the Constitution or is excluded from its requirements. All persons and all state organs are bound by the Constitution and its principles. It is therefore disturbing and a recipe for crisis to have individuals and state organs that have failed to respect the Constitution or the law in any form including judgments of the court. The name for such conduct is impunity and impunity is the antithesis for good governance. Thus, this paper delves into how the National Assembly remains the most blatant manifestation of impunity and impediment to the implementation of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010. In this paper, the term Parliament and National Assembly will be used interchangeably to refer to one and the same institution. 1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF CONSTITUTION MAKING IN KENYA One of the institutions that were created when individuals entered into civil society is the Constitution. Mr. John Mutakha Kangu7 succinctly explains that having invented a life of civic and or political society, the next realization was the need for some form of law and government to regulate the manner in which human beings dealt with each other.8 He further points out that there was need for rules of engagement which could be used to regulate how members of the society relate, not only with each other but also with the common power.9 The Constitution therefore gives the terms and conditions between the people and the government and the relationship between the people themselves. At independence, Kenya adopted the Independence Constitution under the leadership of Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. The most striking feature of this Constitution was the centralized system of government vested in the Presidency. The Executive dictated what was to happen in the other arms of Government, be it the Legislature or the Judiciary.10 With respect to the Judiciary, the President had the discretion of appointing the Chief Justice and the other members of the superior courts of record.11 It is for this reason that some scholars have argued that the appointment of judicial officers was shrouded in mystery.12 The legislature acted as a rubber stamp for any executive action.13 The agitation for a new Constitution began in  earnest in the 1980’s with demands for expanded democratic space at a time when Kenya was a single party state by law. Most of the civil society and human rights groups demanded the repeal of section 2A of the Constitution that made Kenya a de jure one party state.14 Former president Moi’s government bowed to this demand and amended s.2A of the repealed Kenyan Constitution thus ushering in a new era of multipartyism in Kenya. In the 1992 elections, the opposition was di vided thus ensuring Moi’s retention of power by a simple majority. The Ufungamano Group of 1997 is indicative of a serious demand by civil society groups, human rights activists, opposition leaders and members of the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) for a new Constitution in Kenya.15 The Law Society of Kenya (LSK), the umbrella regulatory body advocates in Kenya, provided Kenya with visual aid and making of the Model Constitution in November 1994 and the government’s opposition to the re-writing of the Constitution became weaker. However, it did not make a concession.16 The government had no trust in the ability of Kenyan lawyers to draft a Constitution for Kenya. It was on 1 January 1995 that president Moi announced that he was inviting Western Constitutional lawyers to assist the country in re-writing the Constitution. The government however did nothing despite the fact that the pressure for the review to begin was mounting.17 The Western countries were also concerned with the blatant laxity in the government towards Constitutional review yet a lot of agitation for review had been made. In May 1996 when the then United States Ambassador to Kenya, Aurelie Brazeal visited the then Attorney General, the Honorable Amos Wako, he ably convinced the government into conceding that the country needed Constitutional review as a matter of urgency. However despite this concession, no step was taken towards the review process.18 It was in 2000 when the government formed the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission (CKRC) to spearhead the Constitution review process.19 The commission began its work in earnest going all over the country collecting and collating views of Kenyans on the Constitution review process. A National Conference was held at the Bomas of Kenya where a draft Constitution that was a product of intense deliberations, compromises and consensus was agreed upon. However, some persons in the Hon. Kibaki’s government retreated to Kilifi where with help of the then Attorney General, the Honorable Amos Wako, radically altered and mutilated the Bomas draft. In  the referendum carried out in November 2005, the government suffered a humiliating defeat as the proposed Constitution was overwhelmingly rejected. The impact of this development was a cabinet reshuffle that threw out all cabinet ministers who opposed the Constitution. These members formed a formidable opposition group preparing Kenya for the most hotly contested election in the Kenyan history. When elections were held in December 2007, very few Kenyans were anticipating the aftermath of that election. Violence engulfed the country immediately the result for the presidential election was announced on the 30 December 2007 leading to the death of more than 1000 persons and the displacement of thousands of others. Dr. Koffi Annan chaired negotiations aimed at reconciling the two warr ing parties, the Party of National Unity (PNU) led by President Mwai Kibaki and the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) under the leadership of Hon. Raila Odinga. The negotiations yielded the grand coalition government. The government committed itself to the implementation of all the terms and conditions under which the coalition government was founded as dictated by the National Accord and Reconciliation Act, 2008.20The most reformative of this was the Agenda Four that demanded of the government to carry out comprehensive reforms on land, the Constitution and other sectors of the Kenyan society. The adoption of a new Constitution was therefore top of the agenda of the coalition government. The Constitution of Kenya Amendment Act, 2008 was enacted creating a body called the Committee of Experts (CoE) to lead in the writing of a new Constitution. Participation of Kenyans was also comprehensively provided for in the Act. On the 4 August 2010, the proposed Constitution of Kenya was subjected to a referendum receiving an overwhelming endorsement of 67 % of the voters. The promulgation of the Constitution on the 27th August 2010 indeed ushered in a new dawn in Kenya.21 One of the institutions that were apparently aimed at being regulated is the National Assembly. This was informed by the fact that the institution had been used and by extension allowed itself to be used by the powerful Executive arm to rubberstamp actions that were aimed at either mutilating the Constitution or gagging the rights of Kenyans.22 Even as late as 2003, the National Assembly wanted to impose a Constitution on Kenyans yet the foundation of a civilized society is that sovereignty belong to the people.23 Were it not for the intervention of the High Court, the National Assembly could have arrogated to itself the  power to adopt a new Constitution way back in 2004.24 PART II IMPLEMENTING THE CONSTITUTION OF KENYA, 2010 Many Kenyans sighed with relief when the Constitution was promulgated on 27 August 2010 but a few wise people cautioned that ‘adopting the Constitution is a move in the right direction, implementing it is the big deal.’25 It is noteworthy that one of the major players in the Constitution implementation is the National Assembly.26 The big question that this paper seeks to answer is whether the National Assembly has discharged that noble duty as expected. It will be noted that the National Assembly has confirmed the propositions of Karl Marx who in his theory opined that the rich uses the law to protect themselves. 27 WAYS IN WHICH PARLIAMENT HAS BEEN POSITIVE IN IMPLEMNTING THE CONSTITUTION It would be legally impossible if one was to argue that the National Assembly has done nothing in the implementation of the Constitution for to suggest so would mean the Constitution remains completely unimplemented. This part of the paper highlights the achievements of the said institution which have ensured that the letter and the spirit of the Constitution are effectively and faithfully implemented. 2.1 EXERCISING OVERSIGHT OVER THE EXECUTIVE One of the cardinal duties of the National Assembly is to exercise checks and balances over the other arms of the government in general and the Executive in particular.28 This follows from the foundation of a civilized society in which it was agreed that a government had to be formed so as to ensure protection of the welfare of all members of the society.29 It was however noted that if all the state power was left to be exercised by one person, then the said person was likely to be a tyrant.30 It for this reason that Baron De monthesque vehemently argued for a three-armed government so that each of the arms would be a watchdog over the rest.31 It is for this reason that the Constitution of Kenya provides that the National Assembly manifests the diversity of the nation and represents the will of the people.32 The will of the people is said to have been negated when one arm of government makes decisions that are tantamount to the spirit and letter of the Constitution.33 If there is one act by the Executive that generated more heat in the implementation of the Constitution is the President’s unilateral appointment of the Chief Justice (CJ), the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), the Controller of Budget (CoB) and the Attorney General.34 These appointments met strong resistance from the ODM side of the coalition which felt that the Prime Minister was not consulted. The press statement released by Hon. James Orengo tells it all.35 Hon. Orengo maintained that the Prime Minister had not been consulted and this amounted to a breach of both the National Accord and the Constitution.36 The bone of contention went from the legality of the appointments to a debate on the meaning of the word â€Å"consultation.† Those in support of the President maintained that consultations need not result in concurrence, whereas those in support of Hon. Orengo were of the converse position.37 The National Assembly through its chair, the Speaker of the National Assembly, Hon. Kenneth Otiato Marende, restored sanity by declaring that the appointments were unconstitutional as the President had not consulted the Prime Minister as required by the Constitution and the Accord.38 This marked a bold move from the legislature in reminding the executive that the law had to be followed. 2.2 VETTING CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICE HOLDERS It has been pointed out above that the people of Kenya exercise their sovereignty through representation by the legislature. Vetting involves interviews that are meant to ascertain if the proposed candidates satisfy both the professional and integrity thresholds set by the Constitution and the enabling laws.39 Public screening of such high ranking state officers40 such as the Chief Justice has seen improved confidence in the Judiciary. The vetting process has also reduced ethnic and regional imbalance in terms of appointments to public service. It has at the same time ensured gender equality in public appointments.41 Parliament’s Constitutional Implementation Oversight Committee (CIOC) unanimously approved the nominations of Dr. Willy Mutunga and Ms.Nancy Barasa as the CJ and DCJ respectively.42 However, the committee faltered when it came to the appointment of Mr. Keriako Tobiko as the DPP. The Parliamentary Committee on Justice and Legal Affairs rejected Mumo Matemu, Prof. Jane Kerubo Onsongo and Irene Cheptoo keino as the Chairperson of the Ethics and Antic-Corruption Commission and deputies respectively and asked Parliament to do the same. The chairman of the Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee, Dr. Bonny Khalwale tabled documents claiming the Mr.Mumo Matemu had failed to collect sh.2.4 Billion in tax arrears from a company while at the Kenya Revenue Authority.43 This transparent process by the National Assembly marked a departure from the Opaque and non-accountable process of appointments in the past. 2.3 ENACTING LEGISLATIONS One of the major duties of the National Assembly is legislation. Implementing the Constitution demands the enactment of a number of legislations.44 One must give it to the National Assembly for having risen to the occasion and enacted laws at least at the right timelines. Questions have however been raised on the quality of some of those legislations.45 The point to note is the primary level is the enactment and the quality or otherwise of law is a secondary one depending on the lens of the critique. A key achievement of Parliament is the enactment of legislations required under the sixth schedule to the Constitution within the requisite timelines. These are legislations touching on matters of Election, security and devolution implemented according to their requisite timelines. However, the National Assembly extended the period prescribed for the enactment of the bills relating to Public Finance Management, Land and County Government. The extension of time was to allow time for more comprehensive public participation and to address what the respective ministries considered to be contentious issues. By 26 August, 2011 which was exactly a year after the promulgation of the Constitution of Kenya 2010, under the fifth schedule to the Constitution and the agreed schedule of bills, the National Assembly had enacted the following pieces of legislation: the Supreme Court Act, 2011,46 the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission Act, 2011,47 the Industrial Court Act, 2011,48 the Urban Areas and Cities Act,49 the Environment and Land Court Act, 2011,50 the National Gender and Equality Commission Act, 2011,51 the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2011,52 the Elections Act, 2011,53 the Kenya Citizenship and Immigrations Act,2011,54 the Commission on Revenue Allocation Act, 2011,55 the Power of Mercy Act, 2011,56 the Vetting of Judges and Magistrate Act, 2011,57 the Judicial Service Act, 2011,58 the Independent Offices(Appointment) Act, 2011,59 the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights Act, 2011,60 the Commission on Administrative Justice Act, 2011,61 the Political Parti es Act, 201162 and the Salaries and Remuneration Commission Act, 2011.63 PART III PARLIAMENT AS A MANIFESTATION OF IMPUNITY AND IMPEDIMENT TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION While Parliament has been instrumental in the production of some key reports and holding the Executive to account, it has however been averse to the processes and institutions which seem to be a threat to their selfish political interests. Having given the achievements of Parliament, hereunder are its chief failures. 3.1 MUTILATION OF THE CONSTITUTION One of the sad stories of Constitution making in Kenya has been the blatant mutilation of the Constitution by the very same authority that is supposed to protect and defend it. Some have argued that the independence Constitution was one of the most progressive Constitutions of the time64 yet Parliament in its intention to amass power and please the Executive amended it severally.65 One of such amendments is the 1982 amendment to the Constitution that made Kenya a de jure one party state.66 The net effect of this amendment was decreased democratic space which subsequently led to curtailment of other rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of  speech, and freedom of association. It is noteworthy that Parliament allowed itself to be used by the executive to propagate the authoritarian agenda. It was a great expectation that the enactment of the Constitution of Kenya on 27 August 2010 would be an incentive to Parliament to live by the spirit of the law. It has however dawned on Kenyans that enacting the Constitution was just a single step in reforming Kenya. The bigger and challenging step is a comprehensive implementation of the Constitution. If the number of sub-standard legislations that have been passed by Parliament is to be used as a test on whether Parliament has truly lived up to its duty to protect and defend the Constitution, then Kenyans have been taken for a ride. For instance, when Kenyans found it fit to include a chapter on integrity in the Constitution, they expected that the Legislative arm of Government would actualize its implementation by passing laws on integrity that would satisfy the requirements of chapter six of the Constitution. However, as Karl Marx in his Marxist theory puts it: the ruling class has continued to use the law to propagate its dominance over the lower class; Kenyan Members of Parliament (MPs) gave a practical application of the Marxist theory67 by watering down the spirit and effect of the Integrity Bill.68 The spirit of the Bill was to ensure that only persons of unquestionable character and integrity are appointed or elected to public offices.69 It is a reasonable presumption that only persons of high integrity will respect, protect and implement the Constitution yet the current Kenyan MPs intend to preserve the status quo70 by ensuring that the law serves them.71 The other legislation that was meant restore sanity by bring discipline in the democratic space in Kenya is the Elections Act. In that regard, one of the historical injustices meted against Kenyans by politicians was the culture of party hopping.72 Party hopping not only encourages indiscipline in political parties but also constrains development of political parties in Kenya. As one of the roles of political parties is to nurture democracy, allowing politicians to join political parties and leave at will is a sure ticket to the road leading to death of democracy in Kenya. S.34(8) of the Elections Act, 2011, required that a member should be in the party list on which s/he intends to contest the elections three months before that list is submitted to the Registrar of Political Parties. In other words, one was to be in the party list by 3 October 2012. However, the amendments by the MPs to s. 34(8) of the Elections Act, 2011 now require parties to submit their lists not later than 4 January 2013. In essence, the amendment means that MPs are free to change political parties until 3 January 2013 which is two months to the elections. The chief mover and champion of the amendment to the Elections Act, Hon. Isaac Ruto, submitted flimsy arguments in support of the amendments. He is one record as having said restricting persons from changing their political parties was tantamount to their rights to freedom of expression and association and if the Elections Act was not amended it would affect MPs and Councilors.73 He stated : Considering the large number of legislators and councilors that may be affected, this provision left unamended is likely to distort if not paralyse these key institutions of governance.74 Reasonable as these arguments may sound, they reflect a failure to understand the import of restricting party hopping. It goes against the principle that one cannot have their cake and eat it at the same time. 3.2 ATTEMPTING TO CHANGE THE ELECTION DATE Article 101 (1) of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 expressly provides that a general election of members of Parliament shall be held on the second Tuesday in August in every fifth year. Kenyans unanimously voted for the Constitution of Kenya 2010 on the understanding that the first general elections under the new constitutional dispensation would be held on 7 August 2012. However, three groups emerged with different dates of the first general election under the new Constitution. The first group was of the view that the date of the election is in the year 2013 and specifically between 15th January 2013 and 15th March 2013.The second group was of the view that the  date of the first elections is on the second Tuesday of August 2012 while the third group favoured an election date between October 2012 and December 2012. Meanwhile, Parliament was in the process of enacting the Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) Bill, 2011which inter alia sought to amend articles 101(1), 136(2), 177(1)(a) and 180(1) so as to alter the date of the next general elections from the second Tuesday of August to third Monday of December. Thus, the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) filed in the Supreme Court of Kenya Re Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission75 seeking an advisory opinion on the date of the general elections under the new Constitution. The Supreme Court considered the matter before it and in its ruling delivered on 15th November 2011 stated, in part, as follows: We will be guided by certain principles which have clearly emerged from the submissions: the High Court is, by Article 165(3) (d) of the Constitution, entrusted with the original jurisdiction to hear and determine any question entailing the interpretation of the Constitution; it is the obligation of the Supreme Court, as the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution to protect and reinforce the conferment of first-instance jurisdiction upon the High Court especially when the matter in respect of which an advisory opinion is being sought, is pending before the High Court; subject to those principles, the Supreme Court will exercise its discretion appropriately, on a case-to-case basis, in accepting requests for an Advisory Opinion. We hereby order and direct as follows: (1) We decline to declare that the Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to render an advisory opinion in the instant matter, but decline in exercise of our discretion, to give such an opinion with regard to the date of the next general election. (2) We reserve the reasons to be set out in a ruling upon notice. (3) Responding to the High Court’s request of 13th October 2011 for directions, High Court Petition Nos. 123 of 2011, 65 of 2011 and 185 of 2011 shall be placed before the Constitutional and Human Rights Division of that Court, for hearing on priority and on a day-to-day basis. (4) The aforesaid petitions shall be listed for mention and directions before the Head of the High Court‘s Constitutional and Human Rights Division on 18th November, 2011.† At the same time, three Petitions were filed at the Constitutional and Human  Rights Division of the High Court with the intention of having the High Court determine the date of the first general election under the new Constitution. The three Petitions were consolidated by the order of Honourable Justice Isaac Lenaola, the Head of the Constitutional and Human Rights Division of the High Court on 18 November 2011 into John Harun Mwau v the Honourable Attorney General and 2 others.76 The three Judge bench77 after considering the submissions of counsels for the petitioners, respondents and interested parties, held inter alia: The date of the first elections under the Constitution is determined by reference to section 9 and 10 of the Sixth Schedule as follows; (a) In the year 2012, within sixty days from the date on which the National Coalition is dissolved by written agreement between the President and Prime Minister in accordance with section 6(b) of the National Accord and Reconciliation Act, 2008; or (b) Upon the expiry of the term of the 10th Parliament on the 5th Anniversary of the day it first sat which is designated by Legal Notice No. 1 of 2008 as 15th January 2008. The term therefore expires on 14th January 2013. The elections shall be held within sixty days of 15th January 2013. (c) The body entitled under the Constitution to fix the date of the first elections within sixty of the expiry of the term of the National Assembly or upon dissolution of the National Coalition by written agreement between the President and the Prime Minister in accordance with section 6(b) of the National Accord and Reconciliation Act, 2008 is the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. In view of the court’s finding on the election date, the court did not find it necessary to express its view on the Constitution of Kenya Amendment Bill, 2011 as it also dealt with other issues that were not germane to these proceedings before the court at that particular moment. As legislature was seized of the matter, it would take guidance from the court’s decision or act within its constitutional mandate as it may lawfully wish to do. The Justice and Constitutional Affairs Minister accordingly withdrew the Constitutional amendments that were hoped to be achieved by the Constitution of Kenya Amendment Bill, 2011 given that IEBC had settled for 4 March 2013 as the date of the first general elections under the new  Constitution. 3.3REFUSING TO PAY TAXES One of the salient features and characteristics of the duties and obligations of Parliament before the coming into effect of the Constitution was the Constitutional right of MPs not to pay taxes.78 The Constitution has now done away with that scenario by expressly providing under Article 210 that every person in Kenya must pay tax.79 The Constitution further expressly prohibits any legislation that waives the duty of every person in Kenya to pay tax.80 Some of the proponents of the non-payment of tax argue that by demanding MPs to pay tax, it would be a violation of their rights under the Constitution. They are of the opinion that the National Assembly Remuneration Act81 had to be amended to obligate them pay the taxes. The Hon. Kenneth Marende, the chief proponent of this argument argued that the law was to be followed if MPs were to pay tax. The opponents of the Mps-crusade of non-payment of tax argued that the Constitution is as clear as a crystal with respect to MPs obligation to pay tax.82 The Government appeared divided on this as the then Justice and Constitutional Affairs Minister, the Hon. Mutula Kilonzo agreed with those who heckled the view that Mps had no obligation to pay taxes until after the first General election is held under the Constitution. Other lawyers such as the Supreme Court Lady Justcie Njoki Ndungu were of the view that Mps were not exempt from paying taxes. The blame must squarely lie on Parliament because they refused to provide leadership on this crucial issue. It is even disturbing because the Speaker joined the bandwagon of those opposed to MPs payment of tax. The refusal to provide leadership and by extension the failure to amend the relevant legislations to give effect to the provisions of the Constitution on payment of taxes amounts to impunity exercised against the Constitution and the people of Kenya. A sober reading and interpretation of the Constitution obligates every  person, MPs included, to pay taxes. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land and all other laws must be consistent with it.83 Similarly, the transitional clauses under Clause 7 of the Sixth schedule which reads; â€Å"All laws in force immediately before the effective date continues in force and shall be construed with the alterations, adaptations, qualifications and exceptions necessary to bring it into conformity with this Constitution.† The effective date refers to the date on which the Constitution was promulgated, that is the 27th August, 2010. The National Assembly Benefits and Remuneration Act is subject to the Constitution hence the MPs have a duty to pay taxes. 3.4 ILLEGAL INCREMENT OF MPs SALARIES AND BENEFITS Parliament has for some time now been the only institution that can decide to hike their pay to preposterous amounts without consulting anybody. With the coming into effect of the Constitution, the power to decide the salaries and other benefits of all state officers has been given to the Salaries and Remuneration Commission.84 Members of Parliament are classified as sate officers under the Constitution hence their salaries must be decided upon by the Salaries and Remuneration Commission. The Mps decided early this year to award themselves with hefty send-off packages amounting to Kenya shillings Nine Million per MP with the pretext that they had the right to such monies as a way of thanking themselves for the good work they have done in the past five years.85 It was with the timely intervention of the President that the taxpayers were spared the burden of paying such lofty amounts of benefits to the Mps. 3.5 SUSPICIOUS REJECTION OF PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS The Kenyan Mps have perfected the art of either amending reports or rejection such reports provided those adversely mentioned in the reports either directly or through proxy give out handouts to the MPs. When Parliament debated on the Parliamentary Report on the Sale of Kenyan Embassy in Tokyo Japan, there were glaring accusations that some MPs had been bribed to kill the report.86 The MPs are said to have taken bribes to amend the Report of the depreciation of the Kenya shilling in which report the Governor of the Central Bank had been adversely mentioned.87 The demeanor of some of the MPs told it all as most of those who are normally perceived as talking on behalf the common mwananchi joined the bandwagon of those who supported the amendments to the Report. If the Mps can stoop low as to take bribes of Kenya shillings 5,000, it must be the worst betrayal of the Constitution. 3.6 DISREGARD OF THE MANDATE OF THE COMMISSION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION (CIC) AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS The Commission for the Implementation of the Constitution (CIC)88 is a Constitutional mechanism established to monitor, facilitate, co-ordinate and oversee the implementation of The Constitution of Kenya 2010. As provided for in the Commission for the Implementation of the Constitution (CIC) Act, 2010,89 the mandate and functions of CIC is to: monitor, facilitate and oversee the development of legislation and administrative procedures required to implement the Constitution; co-ordinate with the Attorney-General and the Kenya Law Reform Commission (KLRC) in preparing for tabling in Parliament, the legislation required to implement the Constitution; report every three months to the Constitutional Implementation Oversight Committee on progress in the implementation of the Constitution and any impediments to its implementation; and; work with each Constitutional Commission and Independent Offices to ensure that the letter and spirit of the Constitution is respected and; exercise such oth er functions as are provided for by the Constitution or any other written law. Regrettably, a number of bills were approved by the Cabinet and subsequently passed by Parliament without being reviewed by CIC. Also, some of these bills were not subjected to public participation as required by the Constitution. A number of Private Members Bills were also published and subsequently debated in Parliament without review by CIC yet they had a direct bearing on the implementation of the Constitution. 3.7 INCLUSION OF UNCONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS IN PIECES OF LEGISLATION AND DISREGARD OF THE  DUE PROCESS There were instances in which Parliament introduced unconstitutional provisions in the bills. A case in point is the introduction of unconstitutional provisions in the County Government Bill 2012, which, subject to the operational command structure set out in the National Police Service Act90 or any other National Security legislation, purported to give the Governor the power to chair the County equivalent of the National Security Council as provided in Article 239 (5) of the Constitution.91 This provision contravened Chapter Fourteen of the Constitution, which places the National Security Council under the National Government. Further, National Security is not among the functions of County Governments as set out in Part Two of the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution, hence there is no County equivalent. PART IV 4.1 CONCLUSION From the introduction, parts II and III of this contribution, it can be deduced that the implementation of the Constitution is not just about the enactment of laws. The principle behind legislative oversight of Executive activity is to ensure that public policy is administered in accordance with the legislative intent, and by inference, the citizens’ aspirations. In this context, the legislative function does not cease with the passage of a Bill.92 It is, therefore, only by monitoring the implementation process that parliamentarians uncover any defects and act to correct misinterpretation or maladministration.93 Implementation involves the promotion of Constitutionalism94 and securing the observance by all state organs of democratic values and principles. The task of implementing the Constitution requires the collaboration and co-operation of state and non-state actors.95 Mr. Charles Nyachae at the launch of the 2011/2012 Annual Report of the CIC observed that the greatest danger to the Constitution is posed by Constitutional organs and state officers who ironically carry the greatest responsibility of implementing it.96 He further observes that it is a Constitutional organ and its individual state officers that seek to pass  legislations that clearly violate the Constitution that they swore to protect and some of the laws that they have passed are enemic to the Constitution. However, Kenyans should be cognizant the fact that article 1 of the Constitution of Kenya vests all sovereign power on the people of Kenya and the sovereign power is to be exercised only in accordance with the Constitution. Kenyans may exercise their sovereign power either directly or through their democratically elected representatives.97 No state organ especially the National Assembly should forget that sovereign power belongs to the people of Kenya and the Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Be that as it may, the implementation of the Constitution brought about increased transparency and accountability on the part of the Legislature as well as the Executive. Increased participation by Kenyans in the development of laws and policies marked a key milestone in the implementation process.98 Public participation in the formulation of public policies is a major gain and represents a paradigm shift from the previous dispensation where most public policies were formulated in a boardroom setup devoid of the people’s input.99 In conclusion, as observed by Mr. Charles Nyachae at the launch of the 2011/2012 Annual Report of CIC, even if we had the most perfect laws in the world, in the absence of a culture of constitutionalism, such laws would be rendered useless and become tools of oppression. All laws, regulations and guidelines on ethics and integrity are of little value if individual Kenyans as well as their leaders fail to ascribe in practical terms to ethical values and principles proclaimed in those instruments. He also observed that in the end, it is a sum total of our individual behavior and character that will reflect the nation’s ethics and integrity. 4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS Though Parliament remains the most blatant manifestation of impunity and impediment to the implementation of the Constitution, there are some steps that can be taken so as to ensure that the Constitution is faithfully and effectively implemented. These steps include: 4.2.1 CIVIC EDUCATION It is worth noting that a greater percentage of the Kenyan population is ignorant of the legislative process as well as the Constitutional implementation process. The same explains why some members of Parliament have on several occasions passed pieces of legislations which they later on admitted that they were not aware of what they were voting for. Civic education among the Kenyan citizenry as well as members of the Parliament will go a long way in creating and increasing public awareness on the opportunities, procedures and the rights relating to participation in legislative policy and other Constitution implementation processes. 4.2.2 INCREASING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESSES Public access and participation is envisaged in the Constitution of Kenya, 2010. Article 118 (1)(b) provides that Parliament shall facilitate public participation and involvement in the legislative and other business of Parliament and its committees. However, the clandestine manner in which Parliament has been conducting its affairs especially when it comes to increasing its salary and awarding itself hefty send-off packages is what has caused Kenyans to resort to the streets and camp outside the Parliament with a view of having Parliament change its view. Increased public participation in the affairs of Parliament will ensure transparency and accountability. It will also help in fostering confidence and acceptability of the legislations passed by Parliament. 4.2.3 ELECTING GOOD LEADERS The choice of electing leaders lies in the hands of Kenyans. The leaders that Kenyans should chose in the forthcoming elections so as to represent them should be leaders with proven track records. They should be devoid of corruption and unquestionable integrity. This is because it is only leaders of impeccable characters that will ensure the Constitution is implemented to its letter and spirit. 4.2.4 INCREASED VIGILANCE AMONG THE KENYAN CITIZENRY Kenyan citizens should rise to the occasion and promote a culture of Constitutionalism. They should be relentless in their quest of defending the Constitution. This includes the necessary vigilance which will ensure the faithful and effective implementation of the Constitution to the letter and the spirit. Whenever the citizens feel that certain actions of members of Parliament or pieces of legislations contravene the provisions of the Constitution, they should not hesitate to move to the Court to have such actions or legislations declared null and void. With the reformed and revamped Judiciary, the citizens are assured of a fair and just determination by the courts. 4.2.5 ENSURING ALL DRAFT BILLS ARE REVIEWED BY THE CIC At the launch of the 2011/2012 Annual Report of CIC, the Commission recommended that all draft bills are reviewed by the Commission. This is aimed at ensuring that the Acts of Parliament that are enacted conform to the provisions of the Constitution. It is at the same time aimed at ensuring unconstitutional provisions are not included in pieces of legislation as was the case in the introduction of unconstitutional provisions in the County Government Bill 2012. 4.3 REFERENCES 4.3.1 LEGISLATIONS 1. The Constitution of Kenya 2010. 2. The Repealed Kenyan Constitution. 3. The Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) Act No.7 of 1982. 4. The Constitution of Kenya Review Act No.5 of 2000. 5. The Commission for the Implementation of the Constitution Act No. 9 of 2010. 6. The National Accord and Reconciliation Act, 2008 7. The National Assembly Remuneration Act, CAP 5, Laws of Kenya. 8. The Constitution of Kenya Amendment Act, 2008. 9. The Political Parties Act No.11 of 2011. 10. The Elections Act No.24 of 2011. 11. The National Assembly Remuneration and Benefits Act, CAP 5, Laws of Kenya. 12. The Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) Bill, 2011. 4.3.2 CASES 1. Federation of Women Lawyers Kenya (FIDA-K) 5 others v Attorney General another [2011] eKLR. 2. John Harun Mwau v the Honourable Attorney General and 2 others (2012) eKLR. 3. Re Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission, Supreme Court Constitutional Application No. 2 of 2011. 4. Rev. Dr. Timothy Njoya 6 Others v Attorney General 4 Others (2004)1 KLR 261. 4.3.3 BOOKS 1. Baron de Montesquieu, (1748). The Spirit of the Laws. 2. Gibson Kamau Kuria, Building Constitutionalism: Defining the Jurists Province and tasks: How to Mobilize a Constituency of Citizens, pp 47 3. Paralegal support Network, The Paralegal’s Handbook. 4. The Kenya Human Rights Commission in Lest we Forget : Faces of impunity in Kenya (2011) 5. Lloyd of Hamsted Freeman, MDA Lloyds Introduction to Jurisprudence (8th ed, 1957) 1129-1199. 6. PLO-Lumumba, ‘Some Thoughts on Constitutional Principles in the Review Process’ in T.O. Ojienda (ed), Constitution Making and Democracy in Kenya, (2003). 7. Prof. Hamilton Okoth-Ogendo, H.W.O. (1996) â€Å"Constitutions without Constitutionalism: Reflections on an African Paradox†, in Zoethout, C.M. et al (eds), Constitutionalism in Africa. A quest for autochthonous principles, Gouda: Quint Deventer , pp 3-25. 4.3.4 JOURNALS 1. Korwa G. Adar and Isaac M Munyae, ‘Human Rights Abuse In Kenya Under Daniel Arap Moi, 1978-2001,’ African Studies Quarterly. The online Journal for African Studies. 2. Mutakha Kangu ‘Social Contractarian Conceptualization of the Theory and Institution of Law and Governance,’ (2007) 2Moi University Law Journal. 4.3.5 INTERNET SOURCES 1. Alphonce Shiundu and Peter Leftie Why Kenyan MPs will not pay tax on allowances yet September 24 2010 at 22:00 Daily Nation Online Edition. Available at http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/Why-Kenyan-MPs-will-not-pay-tax-on-allowances-yet-/-/1064/1017710/-/item/1/-/14gkivv/-/index.html. . 2. Alphonce Shiundu , Shakir Shabbir: MPs were bribed to save CBK boss, Saturday Nation. Saturday, March 10 2012 at 22:30. Daily Nation Online Edition. Available at http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/Shabbir-MPs-were-bribed-to-save-CBK-boss-/-/1064/1363750/-/item/1/-/x639yvz/-/index.html . 3. John Ngirachu, Vetting: Tobiko scrapes through Thursday, June 9 2011 at 15:02 Online Nation Edition. Available at http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Panel-clears-MutungaBarasa-and-Tobiko/-/1056/1177764/-/ioc088/-/index.html. 4. Justice Isaac Lenaola Public Participation in Judicial Processes .Available ata