Phillips Curve A Relationship Between The Inflation Rate...

Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Phillips curve The Phillips curve history and overview The Phillips curve represents a relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. The Phillips curve is named after its first exponent A.H.W. Phillips who was a classical economist who first came up with this relationship. He posited that the lower the employment rate firms are forced to source for funds so as to increase wages and be able to attract labour. This in turns leads to a rise in money wage inflation. The first challenge to this theory was by Milton Friedman and Edward Phelps who in individual analysis showed that the Phillips curve could not hold in the long run. Friedman asserted that rational employers pay inflation adjusted wages and this ensures that there is a natural rate of unemployment which is self adjusting in the long run. Therefore the state cannot be able as a matter of policy to regulate inflation by pushing unemployment below the natural rate as it will readjust itself to this rate. In the long run th e inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation as posited by Phillips could not hold. His assertion was validated in the 1970’s when there was an increase of inflation from around 2.5% to 7% and the unemployment rate also increased from around 4% to 6%. He therefore contributed to the Phillips theory by creating a distinction between the short run relationship and the long run relationship. The original Phillips curve above TheShow MoreRelatedPhillips Curve Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesPrinciples of Economics: The Phillips curve shows the relationship between unemployment and inflation in an economy. Unemployment involves people who are registered as able, available and willing to work at the going wage rate but who cannot find work despite actively searching for work. Unemployment can be counted by using the claimant count which includes all those who are unemployed and actually claiming benefit in the form of Jobseekers Allowance. Inflation is a sustained increase in generalRead MoreThe Phillips Curve : The Epitome Of Antiquity Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Liotti and Brian Levine Professor Predescu MA 235-H01 Final Project The Phillips Curve: The Epitome of Antiquity Abstract In this paper, we will present a model discussed at length in Todorova (2012) representing the Phillips curve, the textbook macroeconomic relationship posting a negative relationship between unemployment and inflation. Specifically, the model posits that when unemployed workers are scarce, employers must compete with one another for the remaining, qualified workersRead More The Phillips Curve Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Phillips Curve Economists agree that unemployment and inflation are two of the major macroeconomic problems of the twentieth century. If a relationship between the two existed then this would be a major break through for the macro management of the economy. Phillips work was empirical - started with evidence and worked towards a theory. The causation for the Phillips theory was that the level of unemployment caused the rate of change in money wages to be what it was. What economicRead MoreUnemployment And The Rate Of Inflation1673 Words   |  7 PagesUnemployment and the rate of Inflation are two main problems faced by most economies around the world. Lower rates of each are sought after in order to create and maintain a more stable economy. Unemployment rate can be officially defined as a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labour force. The inflation rate is the percentage rate of change of a price index over timeRead MoreThe Phillips Curve and The Quantity Theory of Money1128 Words   |  4 Pages Task 1 The Phillips curve represents the inverse relationship between inflation rate and the unemployment rate. When the unemployment was high, the inflation rate would be low; the inflation rate was high, the unemployment rate would be low. Here we have the statistics data of the inflation rate and unemployment rate from 2007-2011. On the other hand, Phillipss â€Å"curve† also represented the average relationship between unemployment and wage behavior over the business cycle. In the short run, thereRead MoreDeveloped Countries and Economically Developed Countries Essay examples927 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen done on the relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate in developed country such as by Hogan (United State), Sack’l en (Sweden) and Andrei (Romania). They are done the same research with different method to get same objective. The most of the study is use a VECM method in their research. While, there is a few of the study was used a VAR method. 2.1.1 United States Related to the topic research which is relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate, the developed countryRead More The Federal Reserve System Essay example1453 Words   |  6 Pagesinterest rates. The Fed employs Monetary Policy in an effort to manage both the money supply and interest rates while stimulating the economy to operate close to full employment. One school of thought called Monetarism believes that the Federal Reserve should simply pursue policies to eliminate inflation. Zero inflation may help the market to avoid imbalances, stabilize the business cycle, and promote steady growth in our economy. On the other hand, zero inflation may not reduce unemployment. It mayRead MoreThe Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe relationship between inflation and unemployment is a topic, which has been debated by economists for decades. It is this debate that has made the opinions about it evolve. In this essay, the controversial topic will be discussed by viewing different economists’ opinions on that according to time sequencing. Inflation is an increase in price levels within an economy. Basically it means that you will have to pay more for the same goods. Unemployment is even more straightforward. It means thatRead MoreThe Relationship between Unemployment and Inflation: Implications for Theory and Policy1279 Words   |  5 PagesThe (Possible) Relationship Between Unemployment and Inflation: Implications for Theory and Policy Introduction As with any scientific or empirical body of knowledge, the theories and facts of economics are undergoing constant testing and reevaluation, at times including major shifts in theory that reject old models and develop new understandings of economic interactions. It is arguably the case that in economics and the other human sciences such as sociology and political science that suchRead MoreThe Positive Relationship Between Inflation And Inflation1067 Words   |  5 Pagesobserved when we compare inflation and unemployment rate. To establish this comparison in a short-run period of time, it will be beneficial to use the Phillip Curve. This curve can be used as a tool to represent the positive relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short-run. In order to comprehend the positive relationship between inflation and unemployment first, we must know what inflation is, how we define unemployment, and how we can use the Phillip Curve to make a functional comparison

13th Documentary Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 292 Downloads: 41 Date added: 2018/12/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Review Level High school Topics: African American Essay Movie Essay Did you like this example? Every person that has watched this film could confirm that the director Ava DuVernay conducts a concrete research into the American system and comes up with shocking statistics The director relies on a number of liberals and conservatives whom she interviews in an attempt to dig in about the African-American society has been affected by the prison complex in the country. The film kicks off with s shocking statistics that one out of four Black men is likely to go to prison in his lifetime. Notably, each of the interviewees is located in a location resembling an industrial setting and one that matches the themes of prison as a factory f free labor where the people of color act as slaves.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "13th Documentary Analysis" essay for you Create order The film is quick to highlight the integration between Blacks being imprisoned and the economy of the nation. Notably, although the convicted parties are questionable, most of them are imprisoned unlawfully which can be related to the increased need for labor. In the film, a number of sensitive events could be noted. The director is noted to present Reagans War on Drugs, Bill Clintons Three Strikes among others as the turning points for the continued cash-for-prisoners structure that s resulted into the generation of millions of bails and incarceration firms. These events have and are continued to evolve into the modern prison system. Since the 1940s, the curve of African-American prisoners has been rising steadily but steeply. The numbers which started rising during the Civil Rights Movements have continued to increase until the modern day. It is of paramount importance to note that the high prisoners numbers have translated into decimation of the Black families. The high number of protest for rights, the harder it is becoming to break the system.

Fascism And Nazism Developed Out Of General Crisis Of The...

Fascism and Nazism developed out of general crisis of the European political system which related to the rise of the mass participation of the state from the late 19th century to the end of World War 1. The mass participation was the result of things including, the availability of women voters and unpredicted expansion of the number of voters, a development of mass communication with a high mass of mobilization and modernization originally asserted by socialist parties, poorly organized middle-class and political party structures. Fascism was motivated by deep resting fears of social and political revolutions of the ruling elites and large parts of the middle and lower-middle classes. Nazism had the theory of racism and of the perfect Aryan chosen people using propaganda and philosophy to boost them into power . Fascist and Nazi movements appeared throughout Europe during the period between World Wars I and II, but only in Germany and Italy did they come to power and develop into reg imes. There are certain similarities between the Russian Bolshevism and German National Socialism. In 1919 liberalism and liberal democracy, focused on individual rights which offered a stable response to the new social and economic upheaval brought on by World War 1. Political life had been radicalized during the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. The Fascist-Nazi political revolutions stemmed from anxieties about the desegregations of social order. Thus, they both shared many of the sameShow MoreRelatedFascism in the Twentieth Century2348 Words   |  10 PagesFascism in the Twentieth Century; Hitler and Nazism ‘Fascism’ is one of the most controversial political terms in modern history. The lack of a universally accepted definition for the term has meant that it can and has been applied to a wide variety of political contexts. Fascism developed from the destruction caused by the First World War. Its origins can be traced, however, to the intellectual revolt against liberalism in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century. While there was a revolutionaryRead MoreThe War Of The World War I1456 Words   |  6 Pagesthe raise of inter-state systems, to preserve peace amongst potentially antagonistic states; Unfortunately, what statesmen had not imagined was that the world had to witness to the slaughter of the First World War to achieve such dream. However, precisely because of the the devastation and chaos caused by the war, the establishment of a general association of states was crucial, and needed to be constructed as quickly as possible. In addition, as World War I pointed out a fundamental flaw in TheRead MoreInterpretations of the Origins of WWII3781 Words   |  16 Pagescrises in the 1930s, and what the concerns, difficulties, and attitudes were in each country. Another interpretation is PMH Bells, who takes the thirty years war interpretation, and makes the case for it by looking at how the situation in Europe developed as a result of the underlying forces which greatly affected the decisions made. Richard Overy focuses primarily on the politics of the era in each of the major countries involved in the war separately. He argues that all the nations involvedRead MoreEssay on Comparison of Mussolini and Hitler4381 Words   |  18 PagesComparison of Mussolini and Hitler Fascism was a totalitarian political movement that developed after 1919 as a reaction against the political and social changes brought about by World War 1 and the spread of socialism and communism. It flourished between 1919 and 1945 in several countries, mainly Germany, Spain, Italy, and Japan. Fascism is a form of totalitarian dictatorship that had ideals such as extreme nationalism, economic self sufficiency and military strength. The dictators abolishedRead MorePresidential Greatness-Fdr4850 Words   |  20 PagesPresidential Greatness: An Analysis of FDR’s Presidency Presidential greatness has many aspects, but it primarily means demonstrating effective, inspiring, visionary, and transformational leadership in times of great challenge and crisis. There have been many effective presidents, but there have only been a few great presidents because simply being effective and successful does not make one a great president. The distinction between presidential effectiveness and presidential greatness isRead MoreGeorge Orwell23689 Words   |  95 Pagesinstance, could not have happened in England. And, as western peoples go, the English are very highly differentiated. There is a sort of back-handed admission of this in the dislike which nearly all foreigners feel for our national way of life. Few Europeans can endure living in England, and even Americans often feel more at home in Europe. When you come back to England from any foreign country, you have immediately the sensation of breathing a different air. 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Forensic Entomology Calliphoridae or Blow Flies

Question: Discuss about theForensic Entomologyfor Calliphoridae or Blow Flies. Answer: Introduction It is believed that forensically significant Calliphoridae or blow flies are not active nocturnally and do not oviposit in the dark (Mohr, Tomberlin, 2014). However, Barnes, Grace, Bulling, (2015) demonstrated that blow flies lay eggs at night and also artificial lighting stimulates the daylight hours. The fly biologists illustrated that flies in the outdoor are not much active and do not lay eggs at night. Diurnal activity graph demonstrates low movement towards bait during early daylight, peak at afternoon and steep decline towards late afternoon. Whether or not the Calliphoridae flies nocturnally oviposit, is one of the major estimable factors of time since death that is used as entomological evidence. This write-up would strive to explore a debate on the ability of the blowflies to oviposit in the dark and at night and their nocturnal activity by considering recent journals that focus on the same. Based on Greenbergs experiment, who asserted that blow flies lay eggs at night, Singh and Bharti (2001) further carried out an experiment to support this hypothesis. They have used frozen mutton pieces as medium and checked for maggots during March and September, irrespective of the time of the days. It was shown that day time also attracted the blow flies in terms of oviposition. The researchers have carried out a 14night trial, where oviposition took place in five incidences and matched with the Greenbergs data. This indicates their willingness to through some light on the choice of oviposition medium by the Calliphoridae and further provided a scope to investigate association between chances of oviposition by the Calliphoridae and light intensity at night. On the other hand, Zurawski et al., (2009) investigated the nocturnal oviposition by the blow flies with regard to sunset and sunrise, evaluated abiotic variables that might affect the oviposition by the blow flies and conducted a series of laboratory experiments in order to test the activity of the blow flies under darkness. The researchers have placed pig carcasses in the field 2 hours after the sunset and observations were made hourly in the next morning. They have observed no oviposition at night. Even, while they have carried out a laboratory experiment in dark room by placing liver of the pig carcases on the ground or kept in hanging position no flies could fly. This study not only showed that the blow flies do not oviposit at night but also demonstrated that the possibility of nocturnal oviposition in dark and on pig carcasses is extremely low. Thus, this experiment supports the long standing notion that blow-flies are nocturnally inactive and do not oviposit in the dark. Howe ver, factor like pig carcasses raises a concern, if the flies actually do not lay eggs in the dark or do not oviposit on pig carcasses. Amendt, Zehner Reckel, (2008) carried out field experiments and indoor experiment to evaluate nocturnal egg laying behaviour of the Calliphoridae. For field experiment, two different types of attraction were used: fresh liver of the beef and dead hedgehogs, which were kept at different rural and urban location. For indoor experiment, liver was kept in plastic bags containing fly females. No oviposition was observed at night in the field, where the temperature was within 10-24c but nocturnal oviposition took place in darkness within plastic boxes, where temperature was set at 25c. It was concluded by the researchers that the blow flies are unlikely to oviposit under normal condition, but takes place at certain situation like uncertain increase of night temperature. Similarly, Wooldridge, Scrase, Wall, (2007) demonstrated that light intensity is an exogenous stimulus responsible for the nocturnal activities of the blow flies. Though liver odour increases the activity of the blow flies, it is not an active stimulus. So, it could be mentioned that blow fly activity can be directly modulated by the intensity of the light without any requirement for any volatile odour in order to start activation. Activity of the blow flies, irrespective of the absence or presence of liver bait also indicates that the variation in the activity level of the flies is not causally associated with how they respond to various odours. Zulaikha, Zuha, (2016) demonstrated Megaselia scalaris (fly) are active and can oviposit during night and day times. So, exposure to light did not affect the egg laying activities during nocturnal and diurnal periods. This indicates a need to consider nocturnal oviposition while flies are considered as reference for the estimation of PMI. Oviposition termination at night has forensic importance as it might alter the estimation of the PMI duration. Thus, if fly eggs are identified in a dead body during early morning or night, one could reach to a conclusion on when the death has been occurred (earlier or previous day). Different insect species could fly in low light intensity or at night. The selected topic aims to evaluate whether blow flies are able to be active at night and lay eggs in dark. The above discussion pinpoints that various theories are present that support and oppose the long standing belief that the blow-flies are not nocturnally active and do not lay eggs in the dark. Various factors (intensity of light, temperature, position of the bait, odour and so on) are responsible for stimulating the nocturnal activity and oviposition, but there was no literature available that focus precisely on all the responsible factors, which actually creates a gap. Age of the fly larvae is used to evaluate the minimum PMI in forensic entomology. So, the understanding of the factors, which probably delay the time between oviposition and death are of utmost importance. One of such factors in this context is the effects of darkness period. Majority of the blow flies are through to be diurnal and comparati vely inactive during the night. So, baits that are kept at night would not attract blow flies till the morning. Nevertheless, various informal observations have suggested that nocturnal oviposition could take place in certain species of blow flies, Calliphora vicina is a prominent example in this context. References Amendt, J., Zehner, R., Reckel, F. (2008). The nocturnal oviposition behaviour of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Central Europe and its forensic implications.Forensic Science International,175(1), 61-64. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.05.010 Barnes, K. M., Grace, K. A., Bulling, M. T. (2015). Nocturnal oviposition behavior of forensically important diptera in Central England.Journal of forensic sciences,60(6), 1601-1604. Greenberg, B. (1990). Nocturnal Oviposition Behavior of Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae).Journal Of Medical Entomology,27(5), 807-810. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/27.5.807 Mohr, R. M., Tomberlin, J. K. (2014). Environmental factors affecting early carcass attendance by four species of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Texas.Journal of medical entomology,51(3), 702-708. Singh, Bharti, M. (2016). further observations on the nocturnal oviposition behaviour of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae ).Forensic Science International,120(2001), 124-126. Wooldridge, J., Scrase, L., Wall, R. (2007). Flight activity of the blowflies, Calliphora vomitoria and Lucilia sericata, in the dark.Forensic Science International,172(2-3), 94-97. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.12.011 Zulaikha, A. S., Zuha, R. M. (2016). Nocturnal oviposition of the forensic scuttle fly, Megaselia scalaris (Loew)(Diptera: Phoridae), indoors.Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. Zurawski, K. N., Benbow, M. E., Miller, J. R., Merritt, R. W. (2009). Examination of nocturnal blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) oviposition on pig carcasses in mid-Michigan.Journal of medical entomology,46(3), 671-679.